Russian Spetsnaz security forces are suspected to have used a fentanyl analogue, or derivative (suspected to be carfentanil and remifentanil[211]), to incapacitate people rapidly in the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002. The siege was ended, but some hostages may have died from the gas after their health was severely taxed during the days long siege.[212] The Russian Health Minister later stated that the gas was based on fentanyl,[213] but the exact chemical agent has not been clearly identified.
Futhermore, transdermal fentanyl's potency and short duration of action make it popular as an intra-operative and post-operative analgesic in cats and dogs.[218] This is usually done with off-label fentanyl patches manufactured for humans with chronic pain. In 2012, a highly concentrated (50 mg/mL) transdermal solution, trade name Recuvyra, has become commercially available for dogs only. It is FDA approved to provide four days of analgesia after a single application before surgery. It is not approved for multiple doses or other species.[219] The drug is also approved in Europe.[220]
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Their jaws are stronger than any other species of cat. With these strong jaws, jaguars will crunch down on bones and eat them. Their jaws are strong enough to crack a sea turtle's shell, according to the BBC. In fact, in the zoo, bones are part of a jaguars' regular diet.
For example, I did damage a Polar Pro strap in a fall in a trail run where I also cracked a rib. When using that strap I started having HR drop from 150 to 60 for a minute at a time. I lost confidence in it and threw it out, but kept the sensor. That is less of a big deal than discarding an HRM-Pro that is going flaky.
Everything I have seen says that the Polar H10 is also the most accurate commercial HRM you can buy through a normal channel. If you just want reliable and accurate HRM, the H10 is the gold standard. The Movesense Medical might be a bit better at twice the price. FWIW, I have also read that the connecting to Garming by BLE is more accurate than Ant+ because of the data rate and dropped frames with ANT+. This probably only matters if you are analyzing HRV during dynamic exercise such as for DFA alpha1 .
Microvascular skin flow is under the control of the ANS and is regulated by both the central and peripheral components. In diabetes, the rhythmic contraction of arterioles and small arteries is disordered. Microvascular insufficiency may be a cause of diabetic neuropathy (152). Microvascular blood flow can be accurately measured noninvasively using laser Doppler flowmetry. Defective blood flow in the small capillary circulation is found with decreased responsiveness to mental arithmetic, cold pressor, handgrip, and heating. The defect is associated with a reduction in the amplitude of vasomotion and resembles premature aging (153). There are differences in the glabrous and hairy skin circulations. In hairy skin, a functional defect is found before the development of neuropathy (154). The clinical counterpart is dry skin, loss of sweating, and the development of fissures and cracks that are portals of entry for microorganisms leading to infectious ulcers and ultimately gangrene. A prospective study by Boyko et al. (155) demonstrated the effect of autonomic neuropathy on the risk of developing a foot ulcer independent of other measures of sensory neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy may also lead to increased osteoclastic activity resulting in reduced bone density. Thus, Young et al. (156) suggested that the significant relationship between reduced bone mineral density and severity of diabetic neuropathy in the lower extremities of individuals with Charcot neuroarthropathy may reflect the severity of autonomic neuropathy.
In its earliest stages, there has been some clinical demonstration that autonomic dysfunction may be influenced within a few days to a few weeks with effective treatment (44,112). Delay in instituting appropriate interventions can only increase the likelihood of developing advanced neuropathies. Stabilization of the neuropathies (generally considered to be any delays in further progression) through tight glycemic control seems possible, whereas reversal of the condition may be less likely (44,182). Again, the results from the DCCT show that intensive glycemic treatment can prevent the development of abnormal heart rate variation and slow the deterioration of autonomic dysfunction over time for individuals with type 1 diabetes (37).
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