Even though fermented foods can be classified as probiotics if they meet the required criteria, it is important to clarify that fermented foods are not equivalent to probiotic foods since many fermented foods do not have evidence of a demonstrated health benefit conferred by well-defined and characterized live microorganisms (Hill et al., 2014; Marco et al., 2021). The effects of the microorganisms are strain specific and most likely dose-dependent. This is one of the main limitations regarding the use of fermented foods as an alternative to probiotic supplementation. Additionally, some foods and beverages produced by fermentation do not contain live microorganisms, such as bread, beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages, due to their inactivation by heat or physical removal by filtration or other means (Rezac et al., 2018). As previously discussed, fermented foods could lead to beneficial outcomes by various mechanisms besides providing living microorganisms to the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, these foods could carry a positive functional role even in the absence of live microorganisms in the finished product, considering that microbes are capable of modifying food constituents, may produce vitamins or other bioactive molecules and inactivate anti-nutritional factors (Marco et al., 2017; Rezac et al., 2018). Since several other components in the food matrix may positively influence health and it is possible that fermented foods carry additional benefits when compared with probiotic supplementation by itself.
Gm Bagi Bagi Char 11l
DOWNLOAD: https://tiurll.com/2vDWdt
The possibility of obtaining a high specific input energy in an electron-beam sustained discharge ignited in oxygen gas mixtures O sub 2 : Ar : CO (or H sub 2) at the total gas pressures of 10-100 Torr was experimentally demonstrated. The specific input energy per molecular component exceeded approx 6 kJ l sup - sup 1 atm sup - sup 1 (150 kJ mol sup - sup 1) as a small amount of carbon monoxide was added into a gas mixture of oxygen and argon. It was theoretically demonstrated that one might expect to obtain a singlet delta oxygen yield of 25% exceeding its threshold value needed for an oxygen-iodine laser operation at room temperature, when maintaining a non-self-sustained discharge in oxygen gas mixtures with molecular additives CO, H sub 2 or D sub 2. The efficiency of singlet delta oxygen production can be as high as 40%.
The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of ascorbate oxidase (AO) activity and stability of a Cucurbita maxima extract were investigated. Activity tests performed at 25 degrees C using initial ascorbic acid concentration in the range 50-750 M allowed estimating the Michaelis constant for this substrate (Km = 126 microM) and the maximum initial rate of ascorbic acid oxidation (A0,max = 1.57 mM min-1). The main thermodynamic parameters of the enzyme reaction (DeltaH* = 10.3 kJ mol-1; DeltaG* = 87.2 kJ mol-1; DeltaS* = -258 J mol-1 K-1) were estimated through activity tests performed at 25-48 C. Within such a temperature range, no decrease in the initial reaction rate was detected. The long-term thermostability of the raw extract was then investigated by means of residual activity tests carried out at 10-70 degrees C, which allowed estimating the thermodynamic parameters of the irreversible enzyme inactivation as well (DeltaH*D = 51.7 kJ mol-1; DeltaG*D = 103 kJ mol-1; S*D = -160 J mol-1 K-1). Taking into account the specific rate of AO inactivation determined at different temperatures, we also estimated the enzyme half-life (1047 min at 10 degrees C and 21.2 min at 70 degrees C) and predicted the integral activity of a continuous system using this enzyme preparation. This work should be considered as a preliminary attempt to characterize the AO activity of a C. maxima extract before its concentration by liquid-liquid extraction techniques.
Temperature dependency of saturated vapor pressure and heat capacity for the diclofenac acid (Form II) were measured and thermodynamic functions of sublimation calculated (DeltaG(sub)(298) = 49.3 kJ x mol(-1); DeltaH(sub)(298) = 115.6 +/- 1.3 kJ x mol(-1); DeltaS(sub)(298) = 222 +/- 4 J x mol(-1) x K(-1)). Crystal polymorphic Forms I (P2(1)/c) and II (C2/c) of diclofenac acid have been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction experiments. The difference between crystal lattice energies of the two forms were obtained by solution calorimetry: DeltaDeltaH(sol)(I --> II) = 1.6 +/- 0.4 kJ x mol(-1). Temperature dependencies of the solubility in buffers with pH 2.0 and 7.4, n-octanol and n-hexane were measured. The thermodynamic functions of solubility, solvation, and transfer processes were deduced. Specific and non-specific solvation terms were distinguished using the transfer from the "inert" n-hexane to the other solvents. The transfer of diclofenac acid molecules from the buffers to n-octanol (partitioning and distribution) is an entropy driven process. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A new novel rare earth complex Gd(Csub 7Hsub 5Osub 3)sub 2center_dot(Csub 9Hsub 6NO) was synthesized and characterized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The dissolution enthalpies of the relevant substances were determined. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The enthalpy change of the reaction was determined to be (211.54 +- 0.69) kJ molsup -1. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The standard molar enthalpy of formation of complex was -(1890.7 +- 3.1) kJ molsup -1. - Abstract: The rare earth complex, Gd(Csub 7Hsub 5Osub 3)sub 2center_dot(Csub 9Hsub 6NO), was synthesized by the reaction of Gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate with salicylic acid (Csub 7Hsub 6Osub 3) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (Csub 9Hsub 7NO). And it was characterized by elemental analysis, UV spectra, IR spectra, molar conductance and thermogravimetric analysis. In a optimalizing calorimetric solvent, the dissolution enthalpies were determined by an advanced solution-reaction isoperibol microcalorimeter, respectively: Deltasub sHsub msup Theta [2 Csub 7Hsub 6Osub 3(s) + Csub 9Hsub 7NO(s), 298.15 K] = 41.95 +- 0.44 kJ molsup -1, Deltasub sHsub msup Theta [Gd(NOsub 3)sub 3center_dot6Hsub 2O(s), 298.15 K] = -29.11 +- 0.39 kJ molsup -1, Deltasub sHsub msup Theta [Gd(Csub 7Hsub 5Osub 3)sub 2center_dot(Csub 9Hsub 6NO)(s), 298.15 K] = -46.99 +- 0.39 kJ molsup -1 and Deltasub sHsub msup Theta [Solution D(aq), 298.15 K] = -90.33 +- 0.37 kJ molsup -1. The enthalpy change of the synthesized reaction was estimated to be Deltasub rHsub msup Theta=211.54+-0.69 kJ molsup -1. From data in the literature, through Hess' law, the standard molar enthalpy of formation of Gd(Csub 7Hsub 5Osub 3)sub 2center_dot(Csub 9Hsub 7NO)(s) was calculated to be Deltasub fHsub msup Theta [Gd(Csub 7Hsub 5Osub 3)sub 2center_dot(Csub 9H
The exchange of an alanine with a proline residue in position 31 of the loop region of the dimeric 4-alpha-helical-bundle protein ROP causes a reduction in the alpha-helix content of 7% and a reduction in stability of about 40% compared to the wild type parameters. The Gibbs energy of unfolding by denaturants extrapolated linearly to zero denaturant concentration, delta G0D (buffer, 25 degrees C), has been determined to be 43 kJ (mol dimer)-1. The corresponding ROPwt value is 72 kJ (mol dimer)-1 (Steif et al., 1993). The extrapolated delta G0D values obtained from urea and GdmHCI un- and refolding studies are identical within error limits. Deconvolution of the stability values into enthalpy and entropy terms resulted in the following parameters. At T1/2 = 43 degrees C (Cprotein = 0.05 mg.ml-1) the ROP A31P mutant is characterized by delta Hv.H.0 = 272 kJ (mol dimer)-1, delta Cp = 7.2 kJ (mol dimer)-1 K-1, delta S0 = 762 J (mol dimer)-1 K-1. These parameters are only approximately 50% as large as the corresponding values of ROPwt. We assume that the significant reduction in stability reflects the absence of at least one hydrogen bond as well as deformation of the protein structure. This interpretation is supported by the reduction in the change in heat capacity observed for the A31P mutant relative to ROPwt, by the increased aggregation tendency of the mutant and by the reduced specific CD absorption at 222 nm. All results support the view that in the case of ROP protein the loop region plays a significant role in the maintenance of native structure and conformational stability.
Numerical experiments are carried out systematically to determine the nitrogen soft x-ray yield for optimized nitrogen plasma focus with storage energy E 0 from 1 kJ to 200 kJ. Scaling laws on nitrogen soft x-ray yield, in terms of storage energies E 0 , peak discharge current I p eak and focus pinch current I p inch were found. It was found that the nitrogen x-ray yields scales on average with y s xr, N= 1.93xE o 1 .21 J (E 0 in kJ) with the scaling showing gradual deterioration as E 0 rises over the range. A more robust scaling is y s xr = 8x10 - 8I 0 3.38 p inch . The optimum nitrogen soft x-ray yield emitted from plasma focus is found to be about 1 kJ for storage energy of 200 kJ. This indicates that nitrogen plasma focus is a good water-window soft x-ray source when properly designed. (author)
The dihydrate of barbituric acid (BAc) and its dehydration product, form II were investigated by means of moisture sorption analysis, hot-stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, solution calorimetry, IR- and Raman-spectroscopy as well as powder X-ray diffraction. The dihydrate desolvates already at and below 50% relative humidity (RH) at 25 deg. C whereas form II is stable up to 80% RH, where it transforms back to the dihydrate. The thermal dehydration of barbituric acid dihydrate (BAc-H2) is a single step, nucleation controlled process. The peritectic reaction of the hydrate was measured at 77 deg. C and a transformation enthalpy of deltasub trsHsub H2-II = 17.3 kJ molsup -1 was calculated for the interconversion between the hydrate and form II. An almost identical value of 17.0 kJ molsup -1 was obtained from solution calorimetry in water as solvent (deltasub solHsub H2 = 41.5, deltasub solHsub II = 24.5 kJ molsup -1). Additionally a high-temperature form (HT-form) of BAc, which is enantiotropically related to form II and unstable at ambient conditions has been characterized. Furthermore, we observed that grinding of BAc with potassium bromide (KBr) induces a tautomeric change. Therefore, IR-spectra recorded with KBr-discs usually display a mixture of tautomers, whereas the IR-spectra of the pure trioxo-form of BAc are obtained if alternative preparation techniques are used. 2ff7e9595c
Comments